Umbono wendaba, ilizwi kunye nesimbo
Le ngcaciso icwaninga ngombono wokubona indaba, ilizwi lokuxelela ibali, kunye neenketho zesimbo ezibumba indlela ubudlelwane bothando obuxoxwayo ngayo.
Uza kufumana amanqaku nge-POV (umntu wokuqala, isithathu esisondeleyo, nomntu wesibini), ukuthembeka komnxeleli, itoni, ukhetho lwamagama, umgama wentshukumo yengxoxo, kunye nezakhono ezifana nenkululeko yokuxoxa engqo (free indirect discourse) okanye ukulungiswa kweencwadi njenge-epistolary framing. Ezi mfundo zichaza izixhobo abazibhali basebenzisa ukwakha ukulungelelanisa, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokuxhathisa iimvakalelo kwiimbali zothando ezilawulwa kukhetho.
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Bonisa vs. Xelela
Bonisa vs. Xelela ngumgaqo osisiseko wokubhala: 'ukubonisa' kusetyenziswa iinkcukacha ezivakalayo, isenzo, nengxoxo ukuze abafundi bazive kumfanekiso, ngelixa 'ukuxelela' ibonisa iinyani okanye iimvakalelo ngqo. Zombini zizixhobo — ukubonisa kwandisa ukungena kwabafundi kumfanekiso, kwaye ukuxelela kunciphisa ulwazi.
Close third
Close third yindlela yokubaliswa kwibali eyalandela umntu omnye ngokusondeleyo, ibonisa ibali ngeengcinga zabo, iimvakalelo zabo, kunye nomtsalane wokuziva kwabo ngelixa kusetyenziswa umgaqo wesithathu (he/she/they).
Deep POV
DEEP POV (deep point of view) liyindlela yokubhala ibali ehlisa umgama obonakalayo phakathi komfundi nomlingiswa, ivumela umfundi ukuba ajonge amava, iimvakalelo, kunye neengcinga njengoko zibonakala ngaphakathi kwentloko yomlingiswa. Isetyenziswa ukwakha ujongeko lwemvakalelo olunzulu kunye nokunxibelelana ngokukhawuleza.
Dual POV
Dual POV yimigaqo yokuxelela ibali eguquguqukayo phakathi kwabalingisi ababili—ngokuqhelekileyo abo bathandekayo—kuba abafundi bafumana iinkcukaca zangaphakathi neemvakalelo zababini.
Flashforward (iprolepsi)
I-flashforward (iprolepsi) yindlela yendaba apho ibali libonisa iziganeko eziza kwenzeka kamva kwindaba.
Free indirect discourse
Free indirect discourse yindlela yokuxelela ibali ehlanganisa iingcinga nezwi lomlingisi kunye nezwi lomgxeki, ivumela abafundi ukuba bazive iimvakalelo zangaphakathi ngaphandle kwezicatshulwa zokucaphula okanye iitagi ezicacileyo. Ivelisa umbono osondeleyo wokuqonda kwinqanaba lesithathu njengokuba usesiqwini umntu unobunji bamlingisi kodwa uhlela ulwimi, isandi, kunye nokugxila ukuze kujikeleze ingqondo yomlingisi.
Head-hopping
Head-hopping yindlela ibali litshintshela phakathi kweengcinga zabalingiswa abahlukileyo okanye iimbono zabo zangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwisigqibo esinye okanye kumgca omnye, ngokungacacanga ngokuhla. Oku kunokuxakeka abafundi kwaye kunciphise ukuxhumana kweemvakalelo ukuba akucwangcisiwe.
I-Flashback (analepsi)
I-Flashback (analepsi) yindlela yokuxelela ibali eyibuyisa umfundi umva kwixesha ukuze ibonise iziganeko zangaphambili okanye iinkumbulo. Kwindaba zothando, isetyenziswa ukudalula ibali elingasemva, amanqaku aqalelekileyo, okanye izizathu ezifihlakeleyo ezi tshintsha indlela esijonga ngayo abalinganisi ngoku.
Ifomathi yeencwadi
Ifomathi yeencwadi ibalisa ibali ngazo zonke izinto ezibhalwe phantsi — iiincwadi, iziganeko zeedayari, ii-imeyile, ii-SMS, okanye ezinye iirekhodi ezibhalweyo — endaweni yomlobi wesithathu okanye owokuqala oqhubekayo. Ivelisa ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kwaye ivumela abafundi ukuba baxhulane ngokujonga indaba kwizinto zobuqu.
Ifreyimu yendaba
Ifreyimu yendaba (okanye ibali elifakwe ifreyimu) luhlobo lobugcisa apho ibali elinye lithethwa ngaphakathi kolunye, kwaye ifreyimu yangaphandle ibeka isiseko okanye ichaze ibali elingaphakathi. Lenza umgama, umongo, okanye umbono oqondileyo weziganeko ezizakulandelayo.
Ii-POV ezininzi
Ii-POV ezininzi (umbono) yindlela yokubalisa ibali ebonisa ibali ngombono wabalinganiswa abaninzi. Ishintshela ngubani oWithin kwindaba ukuze abafundi bajonge isiganeko, iimvakalelo, kunye nengxabano kwiiqondo ezahlukeneyo.
Imifanekiso
Imifanekiso kukusetyenziswa kolwimi olunamavakalelo noluzinzileyo—obubonakalayo, izandi, okuthintayo, ukunuka, kunye nokunambitheka—ukudala iindawo eziqaqambileyo nemvakalelo.
Imvakalelo
Imvakalelo yimvakalelo okanye imeko yomsebenzi wembali—indlela ulwimi, ukulandelelana kwamagama, kunye neenkcukacha ezenza isigcawu sibe sidlalayo, sikhalazele, yobulili, okanye ibuhlungu entliziyweni. Ibonisa indlela abafundi bajiva ngayo abalinganiswa neziganeko.
Ingcinga yangaphakathi
Ingcinga yangaphakathi liyizwi lomlingisi elingaphakathi — izimvo neemvakalelo abazithethi ngelizwi elingaphambili. Lisivumela abafundi ukuba bafumane iimpendulo zobuqu zomlingisi ngexesha lokufunda.
Inkcazelo yeziva
Inkcazelo yeziva kukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqinileyo zokubona, izandi, ivumba, ukunambitheka, kunye nokuthinta ukunika umhlaba ubomi kwaye iimvakalelo zivele ngokukhawuleza. Inceda abafundi ukuba bafune umzuzu njengoko besakha indawo, kunokuba bafundwe nje ngalo.
Isantya
Isantya sisantya nesigqi apho ibali liyavuleka khona — indlela izigcawu, iimvakalelo, kunye nophuhliso lweendaba ziphatha zisuka kwixesha elinye ziye kwelinye. Kwintsomi zothando, isantya silawula ukwakha ukunxulumana, ingxengxeko, kunye nokuhlawula.
Isigcawu vs. Isishwankathelo
Isigcawu siyabonisa umzuzwana wexesha lokwenyani ngenkcukacha zokuziva kunye nensenzo; isishwankathelo sinciphisa ixesha kwaye sidlulisa ulwazi ngokukhawuleza. Ababhali basebenzisa izigcawu ukuze abafundi bazibandakanye, kwaye izishwankathelo ziqhuba ibali phambili.
Isixhobo sokubeka ibali ngaphambili
Isixhobo sokubeka ibali ngaphambili sisakhiwo sesakhono seembali esijikeleze ibali—'ibali ngaphakathi kwibali' okanye ifomati ekhethiweyo (iileta, idayari, intatheli, njl.) echaza ithoni, umbono, nomongo. Ziyakha indlela abafundi abaziva ngayo iziganeko kwaye bayiqonda indlela ibali litolakala ngayo.
Ixesha lokuxelela amabali
Ixesha leendaba lithetha ixesha apho ibali lisetyenziswa ukuchaza iziganeko (ngokuqhelekileyo elidlulileyo okanye elikhoyo). Liyakha indlela isigqibo esibonakala ngayo kumfundi—ukuba iimvakalelo ziba ngokuqaqambileyo, zicingayo, okanye zifuna ukungxama ngokukhawuleza.
Izinga lolwimi
Izinga lolwimi lithetha ngomgangatho wokusemthethweni kunye nokhetho lolwimi olusetyenziswa ngumuxeleli okanye umlingisi—kukho konke ukusuka kumagama eslanga (slang) kunye nokuhlangenwe kwamagama (contractions) ukuya kubude bamisho kunye nomfanekiso. Linika indlela imeko iyiva ngayo kunye nendlela umlingisi uvela ngayo ithembekile.
Izwi lokuzixelela ngendaba
Izwi lokuzixelela ngendaba liyindlela yendaba apho umlalisi okanye umlingiswa bavuma ngokusobala ukuba ibali litye njengendaba—ngamanye amaxesha bexoxa nomfundi, bexoxa ngeetropes, okanye bachaza indlela ibali lisebenza ngayo. Liyaziwayo, liyadlala, kwaye lunokunceda ukuzisa ubudlelwane obuthandayo.
Izwi lombhali
Izwi lombhali lilona hlobo lobuntu obuhlukileyo netoni umbhali awuzisayo ekubhaleni kwakhe—indlela ayivakala ngayo kwiphepha. Ibenza ukubumba imeko, isigqi, ukhetho lwamagama, kunye nendlela abafundi baziva ngayo ngabalinganiswa neziganeko.
Izwi lomlingiswa
Izwi lomlingiswa liyindlela eyahlukileyo umlingisi ongokomhlaba acabanga ngayo kwaye akhulume ngayo—ukukhethwa kwamagama, isigqi semisho, ilizwi, kunye nombono wakhe. Lenza ukuba umlingiswa ngamnye azivele njengomntu ohlukileyo kwaye ibumba indlela abafundi ibona ngayo ibali.
Microtension
Microtension yinto encinci, eqhubekayo yokungaqiniseki okanye mvakalelo engathethiwanga, egcina abafundi benomdla kwisigcawu ngasinye.
Objective correlative
Isalathiso esicacileyo (objective correlative) sisethi yezinto ezibonakalayo—izinto, amanyathelo, okanye iimeko—ezisetyenziswa ngumbhali ukuvuselela umvakalelo othile kubafundi ngaphandle kokubhala ngqo. Le yindlela yokubonisa endaweni yokuxelela (show‑not‑tell) eyenza iimvakalelo zivele zinyani kwaye zize zifikelele ngokukhawuleza.
Scene beats
Izigqibo zesigcawu ziizenzo ezincinci, iziphendululo, kunye notshintsho lwemvakalelo ezihambisa isigcawu esinye phambili. Zibhala isigcawu kwizinto ezinamaxesha afundeka, ziphatha ixesha ngendlela esemgangathweni, kwaye ziveza ubuntu ngokuziphatha endaweni yokuchaza.
Ukhetho lwamagama
Ukhetho lwamagama luluhlu lwamagama kunye nendlela yokubhala lombhali—kuthini ulwimi lusemthethweni, luyacaca, okanye luyaziwa ngqo ngokusebenzisa ulwimi lwesifrithi. Kwizincwadi zothando, oku kunceda ukuchaza izwi lomlinganisi, umoya, kunye nokucaca kweziganeko.
Ukugxila kwangaphandle
Ukugxila kwangaphandle kuyindlela yokubalisisa ibali ebonisa abalinganiswa ngaphandle—ichaza izenzo, imilo, kunye neengxoxo ngaphandle kokufumana iinkcazelo zengqondo zabo zangaphakathi okanye iimvakalelo zabo. Igcina umfundi ekude ngokuqwalasela kwaye icela ukuba afunde ubomi babo bangaphakathi ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezibonakalayo zokuziphatha.
Ukugxila ngaphakathi
Ukugxila ngaphakathi lilona luhlobo lwentetho yokubhala olunciphisa ukuqonda kwembali kumlingisi omnye ngamnye ngexesha elinye, iimvakalelo, kunye namava okuva. Lenza ubudlelwane obuseduze ngokubonisa ihlabathi lithathwe ngaphakathi kobomi bomlingisi lowo.
Ukuhamba kwengqondo
Ukuhamba kwengqondo lilona lwakhiwo lwentetho yokubhala olunika iimvo ezingaxutywanga, iimvakalelo, kunye neempawu zengqondo yomlingisi njengoko zenzeka.
Ukuhambelana kwesandi
Ukuhambelana kwesandi kuthetha ukugcina indlela yokuthetha nokucinga eyahlukeneyo yomlingisi okanye wombhali ihlale ingaguqukiyo kwindaba, ukuze umfundi ahlale eziva ukuba usekwingqondo efanayo. Kwinkqubo ye-interactive romance, oku kuthetha nokugcina isandi phakathi kweenketho ezahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha.
Ukuhlanganisa imbali yangaphambili
Ukuhlanganisa imbali yangaphambili yindlela yobugcisa yokuhlanganisa imbali yomlingisi kwindaba yangoku, ukuze abafundi bafunde ukuba ngubani ngokusebenza, iinkcukacha, kunye nokukhetha kunokuba bafumeke ulwazi oluninzi kwangaphambili.
Ukulawulwa kwenkcazelo
Ukulawulwa kwenkcazelo yindlela ibali linika ngayo ulwazi olubalulekileyo—imbali yangasemva, imithetho yehlabathi, kunye nezizathu zabalingiswa—kubafundi ngaphandle kokophula ukungena kwimbali. Ukulawulwa okuhle kuvula amaqiniso ngezenzo, ingxoxo, kunye neenkcukaca zokungumzimba (sensory detail) endaweni yokudlulisa ulwazi olunzulu ngexesha elinye.
Ukungenelela kwombhali
Ukungenelela kwombhali kukuba umbhali okanye umnxulumi uphuma kwindaba ukuze ukuphawule, ukwahlulela, okanye ubhekise abafundi ngqo, ngaloo ndlela udala izwi lombhali obonakalayo ngaphakathi kwembali. Oku kunokuba yinto yokuzijabulisa, isithetho esithile, okanye isandla esikhokelayo esibumba ithoni kunye nentlawo lwabafundi.
Ukuxelela ibali ngexesha langoku
Ukuxelela ibali ngexesha langoku kuthetha ibali usebenzisa izivakalisi zexesha langoku (umzekelo, 'uhamba,' 'ndiva'), okuvelisa ukungxama kunye nomnqweno wokuba kwenzeka ngoku. Kuyindlela ethandwayo kwiromance ukuze kuthintelwe ubudlelwane kunye nokuziva kwemvakalelo ngokuqaqambileyo.
Ukuxelela iziganeko ngexesha elidlulileyo
Ukuxelela iziganeko ngexesha elidlulileyo kuthetha iziganeko eziyenzeka ngaphambili, usebenzisa izivakalisi ezifana no yaba, wahamba, kunye watsho. Kudala ithoni yokuzindla, kwaye ikhuthaza umvakalelo wokubuyela umva phakathi kweengxoxo zothando.
Umbhali oceleni
Umbhali oceleni ngumlingisi oxela ibali ecaleni — ngumbuki, umhlobo, okanye umdlali omncinci obika iziganeko ezibandakanya abalingiswa abakhulu ngaphandle kokuba ngumlingisi ophambili wale ndaba. Umbono wabo obuncinci, obuvamise ukungagujisi, ulingisa oko umfundi akwazi ukwaziyo kunye nendlela aziva ngayo uthando.
Umbhali wendaba ongathembekanga
Umbhali wendaba ongathembekanga ngumntu oxelela indaba kodwa ingxelo yakhe yeziganeko ingathembeki ngokupheleleyo— kuba unokuxelela amanga, ukhohlisa, okanye ukungakhumbuli iinyani ezibalulekileyo. Kwintsomi zobudlelwane, loluvo lwenza ukulindela, ukungaqiniseki, kunye nobunzulu bezemvakalelo xa ukwenyaniso kunye nombono kudibana.
Umbhali wendaba wesithathu owazi yonke into
Umbhali wendaba wesithathu owazi yonke into ngengqondo, iimvakalelo, kunye namaxesha angaphambili zabalinganisi abaninzi kwaye angakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwabo. Inika umbono obanzi kwihlabathi lendaba endaweni yokuhlala ngaphakathi kwengqondo yomlinganisi omnye.
Umbono ohlukeneyo phakathi kwabalingiswa
Umbono ohlukeneyo phakathi kwabalingiswa yindlela yokubalisa ibali apho ingxelo itshintsha phakathi kwabalingiswa abambini okanye ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile ngecandelo okanye kwisigcawu. Ivumela abafundi ukuba bavavanye ibali elifanayo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo kunye kumava ezemvakalelo.
Umbono ojikeleza
Umbono ojikeleza yindlela yokubalisa ibali eguqula umbono wokuqonda phakathi kwabalinganiswa abahlukeneyo kwizigcawu okanye kwizahluko. Ivumela umfundi ukuba azive ibali ngeengcinga ezininzi ngelixa egcina umbono ocacileyo, ogxile kwisahluko ngasinye.
Umbono oqikelelelekileyo (odrama) i-POV
Umbono oqikelelelekileyo (odrama) POV lilizwe lwendaba 'yewingcinga ye-khamera' ebika nje okoOkubonwayo nokunzwakalwayo—izenzo, iingxoxo, kunye neenkcukacha ezi bonakalayo—ngaphandle koyikayo kumeka iingcinga zangaphakathi okanye iimvakalelo zabalinganisi. Ifunda njengendawo yokudlala, ibeka inkcazo kumfundi.
Umbono wokuqala womntu (POV)
Umbono wokuqala womntu yimbono yokubaliswa kwembali apho umlobi usebenzisa umgangatho wokuqala 'mna' njengomsindo. Umfundi uyavakala iziganeko ngeengcinga neemvakalelo zololo mlobi—ngoko ke uyiva izwi lakhe ngaphakathi kwaye ubona nje oko abonayo. Olu kusondeka kudala unxibelelwano olusondeleyo noluzimeleyo phakathi komfundi nomlingisi, luvuselela iimvakalelo kunye neenkqubo kodwa luneemida kolwazi, ukugxeka, kunye nokuthembeka komlobi. Umbono wokuqala ungenziwa kwixesha elidlulileyo okanye elikhoyo, kwaye ngokuxhaphake kusetyenziswa ukudala ukungxamiseka, ilizwi elahlukileyo, okanye ithoni yokuzithethela kumabali othando kunye nabalingisi.
Umbono wokuqala womntu omnye (POV) wabantu abaninzi
Umbono wokuqala womntu omnye wabantu abaninzi usebenzisa umlaleli ovelana ‘thina’ ukuxelela ibali ukusuka kumbono owabelene—iqela, isibini, okanye uluntu olubonakala njengomntu omnye. Oku kudala isiseko sobuqu, nelizwi elifana nekhoorasi elinokubonakala linokuziva lithandwayo, linikwe ukudinisa, okanye linomtsalane ongacacanga.
Umbono womntu wesibini (POV)
Umbono womntu wesibini ubhekisa kumfundi njengokuba 'wena', kwaye ufaka umfundi ngqo kwizinto ezenzeka kumlingisi oyintloko.
Umbono womntu wesithathu onqongqo
Umbono womntu wesithathu onqongqo yindlela yokubona apho umlaleli ubhekisa kubalingisi njenge “yena,” “yena,” okanye “bona” kodwa ugxile ngokuqinileyo kumalungiselelo, iimvakalelo, kunye nokujonga komntu omnye. Ulinganisela ubudle phakathi kokuxhalabiseka komnxeenxe kunye nolawulo lwesiphumo sokuqhubeka komnxeba omphambili ngaphandle kokuqhelekileyo ukufa kwenkululeko yomnxeleli ongaphandle.
Umgama wokuxelela ibali
Umgama wembali ngumhlaba wemvakalelo nezengqondo phakathi wombhali wembali (okanye indlela yokubona) kunye nabalinganisi okanye iziganeko zembali. Ulinganisa ukuba abafundi baziva kufuphi kangakanani nobomi bangaphakathi babalinganisi kwaye umbhali unikezela njani ngendlela yokutolika enjani.
Umoya
Umoya yimeko yezemvakalelo eyakhiwa yindawo okanye ibali kubafundi—into abaziva xa befunda. Kwi-romance, umoya uyakumba iimvakalelo ezifana nobushushu, ukulangazela, uxinzelelo, okanye ubumnandi.
Umxholo ophantsi
Umxholo ophantsi ngumbono ongathethiwanga ngaphantsi kwamazwi nezenzo zomlingisi—inyani yezemvakalelo eyabonisa imeko ngaphandle kokuba ichazwe ngqo. Kwintando, yindlela yokubonisa ukuba ukulundzwana, ukoyika, okanye isifiso sokufuna ubudlelwane kukhankanyiweyo ngento esishiyiweyo esingathethwanga ngqo.
uxeleli owathembekileyo
Uxeleli ibali owathembekileyo ngumntu onokuthembeka xa uxelela ibali; ingxelo yakhe abafundi unokuthembeka ukuba iyinyani, iyahambelana, kwaye ayinobuxoki obucwangcisiweyo.