Tirohanga kōrero, Reo me te Āhua
Ko tēnei wāhanga e wānanga ana i te tirohanga o te kōrero, te reo o te kōrero, me ngā kōwhiringa āhua e waihanga ana i te kōrero aroha e kōrerotia ana.
Ka kitea koe i ngā kaupapa mō te POV (tuatahi tangata, te tuatoru tata, te aruarua tangata), te pono o te kai kōrero, te tono, ngā kupu, te tawhiti o te pūrongo, me ngā tikanga pēnei i te kōrero kore-a-te tangata (free indirect discourse) me te whakairinga epistolari. Ko ēnei kupu e whakamārama ana i ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana e te kaituhi ki te waihanga i te tata, te here, me te tere o te kare-ā-wairua i roto i ngā kōrero aroha e whiriwhiria ana.
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Aro tirohanga ā-waho
Ko te aro tirohanga ā-waho te tirohanga pūrongo e whakaatu ana i ngā tangata mai i waho—e whakamārama ana i ngā mahi, ngā kanohi, me ngā kōrero, kāore he uru ki ō rātou whakaaro me ō rātou kare‑a‑roto. Ka waiho te kaipānui ki tētahi tawhiti mātakitaki, ā, e tono ana kia kitea te ao o roto mā ngā tohu o waho.
Arotahi ā-roto
Ko te arotahi ā-roto he tikanga kōrero e here ana te tirohanga o te kōrero ki ngā whakaaro, ngā kare‑a‑roto, me ngā wheako mārama o tētahi tangata i tētahi wā. Mā te whakaatu i te ao mā roto i tēnei tangata, ka piki te piritanga ki te tangata.
Flashback (analepsis)
Ko te flashback (analepsis) he taputapu kōrero e hoki whakamuri ai te pānui ki te wā o mua kia whakaatu i ngā wā o mua, ētahi mahara rānei. I roto i ngā pukapuka aroha, whakamahia ki te whakaatu i te kōrero o mua, ngā wāhanga i whakaaweawe i te tangata, rānei ngā kawenga huna e panoni ana i tā mātou titiro ki ngā tangata i tēnei wā.
Framing device
Ko te taputapu whakairo kōrero he hanganga kōrero e karapotopoto ana i tētahi pūrākau — he “pūrākau i roto i tētahi pūrākau” rānei, ā, he mōwhiri āhua (letters, diary, interview, etc.) ka whakarite i te reo, te tirohanga, me te horopaki. Ka hangaia tēnei hanganga i te wheako o ngā kaipānui ki te whakamārama i ngā tāekeke.
Free indirect discourse
Ko te free indirect discourse he tikanga kōrero e whakakotahi ana ngā whakaaro o tētahi tangata me te reo o te kaituaki ki te reo o te kaituaki, kia rongo ngā kare-ā-roto me ngā kare-ā-roto i te kore o ngā tohu kākahu. He tirohanga tata tēnei ki te toru-tau, pērā ki te noho ki roto i te hinengaro o tētahi tangata, ā, e pupuri ana i te kōrero o te tuatoru-tau.
Head-hopping
Ko te head-hopping te wā e rere ai te pūrongo ki waenga i ngā whakaaro o ngā tangata rereke i roto i tētahi wāhitau kotahi, i tētahi wāhanga kōrero, kāore he wehenga mārama.
Kaikōrero kāore i te pono
Ko te kaikōrero kāore i te pono he tangata kōrero e kore e taea e te pānui te whakapono ki a ia katoa — nā te mea e kōrero teka, e wareware, e whakamaori hē, rānei e huna ana ētahi mōhio nui. I roto i te romānesa, ka waihangatia e tēnei reo te pākiki, te ohorere, me te matatini ōhinengaro i te wā e pakaru ana te pono ki te mōhio.
Kairākau pono
Ko te kairākau pono he tangata kōrero e taea ai e te kaipānui te whakapono ki tāna kōrero kia pono, kia ū, me te kore e hāngai ki te tinihanga nāna i mahia.
Kaitāronga o waho
Ko te Kaitāronga o waho he tangata e kōrero ana i te pakiwaitara mai i te taha o te mea nui — he mātakitaki, he hoa, he tangata iti e rīpoata ana i ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki ngā tangata matua, kāore ia e noho ki te rangatira o te pakiwaitara. Mā tōna tirohanga iti, ētahi wā he mea whaiaro, ka hanga i te whakamārama o te pānui me te āhua o te tiro ki te here.
Ko te kaititiro tuatoru mōhio ki ngā mea katoa
Ko te kaititiro tuatoru mōhio ki ngā mea katoa he reo kōrero e mōhio ana ki ngā whakaaro, ngā kare-ā-roto, me ngā kōrero o mua o ngā tangata maha, ā, ka taea te neke haere ki waenga i a rātou. Mā reira, he tirohanga whānui ki te ao o te pakiwaitara, kāore e noho ki roto i te hinengaro o tētahi tangata anake.
Ko te tirohanga ā-tātou (tangata maha)
Ko te tirohanga ā-tātou e whakamahi ana i te kupu 'tātou' hei kaiwhakahuaki kōrero i tētahi pūrākau i tētahi tirohanga ōrite—a-roopu, tokorua, rānei he hapori e korero tahi ana. Ka waihanga i te noho tata, he reo poutinga o te waiata, ka taea te noho ki te rereketanga, ki te noho tahi, ki te mea whakamāharahara, ā, ki te kaha ake te kaha o te mōhiohio ki te tangata kotahi e toru mea.
Korareti ā-whāinga
Ko te korareti ā-whāinga he huinga tūmā o ngā mea, ngā mahi, rānei ngā āhuatanga e whakamahia ana e te kaituhi ki te whakaoho i tētahi kare-a-roto motuhake ki ngā kaipānui, kāore e kīhia ki te kupu. Koinei te tikanga whakaatu-kāore e kī (show-not-tell) e whakakī ana i ngā kare-a-roto kia mārama, kia tere te rere mō te tangata.
Korero i te wā o nāianei
Ko te kōrero ki te wā o nāianei e whakamahi ana i ngā kupu kei te wā o nāianei (pēnei i te “ka hīkoi ia,” “ka rongo au”), e waihanga ana i te wheako o te wā tata me te mārama ki te mea kei te tupu. He tino pai tēnei mō te aroha mō te whakakōrero i te tata me te kare-a-roto o te wā.
Kupu
Ko te kupu‑kōrero (diction) te kōwhiringa o te kaituhi i ngā kupu me te whakarārangi—pehea te mana, te māramatanga, me te reo mōkī. I roto i ngā pūrākau aroha, ka āwhina tēnei ki te tohu i te reo o te tangata, te ahua o te wā, me te mārama kare ā-ata o ngā wāhanga.
Kupu iho
Ko te kupu iho te tikanga kāore i kīhia kei raro i ngā kupu me ngā mahi a tētahi tangata—ko te pono o te kare ā-roto e tohu ana i te mea e whiwhia ana e te wāhitau, kāore i kīhia tika. I roto i te aroha, ko tēnei te āhua e whakaatu ana i te ākina, te wehi, me te hiahia mā te mea kāore i kīhia.
Kōrero i te wā kua hipa
Ko te kōrero i te wā kua hipa e kī ana ki ngā mea kua tupu kē i mua. Hei tauira, mō te rerenga 'She walks into the room', ki te wā kua hipa ka kīhia 'She walked into the room'. E pa ana tēnei kōwhiringa ki te mōhio o te kaipānui ki te wā me te tawhiti o te mahi: i te wā kua hipa, ka mārama ake te whakaaro ki mua, ā, ka taea e ngā kaituhi te kōrero mō ngā mea, te tohu pānga, me te whakaatu ngaro me te whakarāpopoto i ngā mea ki te tere. E pai ana tēnei mō ngā tirohanga tangata tuatahi me te toru, ā, he pai mō ngā flashbacks, ngā panoni i te reo, me ngā wāhanga roa ake o te pūrākau hangaaro.
Kōrero ā-ahu
Ko te kōrero ā-ahu (ka kiia hoki ko te pūrongo kua tapaetia) he tikanga e kōrerotia ai tētahi kōrero ki roto i tētahi atu kōrero, ā, ko te 'ahu' o waho e whakarāpopoto ana i te kōrero o roto. Mā tēnei e waihanga te tawhiti, te horopaki, me te tirohanga motuhake mō ngā mea e whai ake.
Microtension
Ko Microtension te here iti, roa, e noho ana i raro i te kore kōrero o te kare‑ā‑waha, e pupuri ana i ngā mātakitaki ki ia wāhanga i roto i tētahi wāhanga. Ko te here o raro i te kōrero me te mahi e whakamana ana i te ngākau o te wā, ā, e mea ana ki te kia kaha ake te mōhio ki te mea ka puta i mua i ngā wāhanga noa.
Momo reta
Ko te momo reta e kōrero ana i tētahi pūrākau mā ngā tuhinga—reta, tuhinga o te diary, īmēra, karere, me ētahi atu tuhinga—kāore i te whakaputa i te kōrero ā-tau toru-ā-tau rānei o te kaituhi. Ka waihanga i te noho piri, ā, ka taea e ngā kaipānui te kohi i te pūrākau mai i ngā taonga whaiaro.
Ngā Tukanga o te Wāhanga
Ko ngā tukanga iti o te wāhanga, ngā urupaki, me ngā hurihanga ōkōhā e neke whakamua ana i tētahi wāhanga kotahi. Ka wehewehia te wāhanga ki ngā wāhanga mārama ki te pānui, e whakahaere ana i te tere, ā, e whakaatu ana i te tangata mā te whanonga, kāore i te whakamārama.
Ngā tirohanga maha (POV)
Ko te tirohanga maha (POV) he tikanga kōrero e whakaatu ana i te pūrākau mā ngā tirohanga o ngā tangata maha ake i te tangata kotahi. Ka huri te tangata kei roto i te kōrero, ā, ka wheako ngā kaupapa, ngā kare o te manawa, me ngā tautohetohe mai i ngā hinengaro rereke.
Reo metafictional
Ko te reo metafictional, he tono kōrero e mōhio ana te kaituaki, rānei tētahi tangata, ki te mea he pakiwaitara tēnei — i ētahi wā e kōrero ana ki te pānui, e tohu ana i ngā tropes, e kōrero ana mō te meka o te pūrongao. He mōhio ki a ia anō, he ngahau, ā, ka taea te tirotiro ki ngā tikanga o te pūkāroiro aroha.
Rere o te hinengaro
Ko te rere o te hinengaro he tikanga kōrero e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaaro kāore i te tīpako, ngā kare-ā-roto, me ngā tohu o te tinana o te tangata i te wā e puta ana. Ka kapia te pānui ki roto i te ao o roto o tētahi tangata, i te nuinga o te wā me te reo māmā, ki ngā hurihuri ā-turi, me te kare ā-wairua ohorere.
Taipitopito ā-wheako
Ko te taipitopito ā-wheako te whakamahinga o ngā mea mārama pērā i ngā tirohanga, ngā tangi, ngā kakara, ngā reka, me ngā pa o te kiri ki te whakaoho i tētahi wā, ki te whakaoa i ngā kare o te wā e haere ana.
Tangata tuatoru here ki tetahi tangata anake
Ko te tirohanga tangata tuatoru here ki tetahi tangata anake: ko te kai kōrero e tohu ana ki ngā tangata ki te kupu 'ia' mō te tangata, engari ka noho tata ki ngā whakaaro, ngā kare-a-roto, me ngā kitenga o taua tangata kotahi.
Taumata o te reo
Ko te taumata o te reo te wāhanga o te mana o te reo me te kōwhiringa o te reo e whakamahia ana e te kaiwhaka kōrero—mai i te kupu hāngai ki te rerenga kōrero me ngā whakaāhua. Mā tēnei e waihanga te āhua o te wā me te pono o te tangata e kōrero ana.
Taunga vs. Whakarāpopototanga
Ka whakaatu te taunga i tētahi wā i roto i te wā tūturu me ngā taipitopito wheako me te mahi; ko te whakarāpopototanga e whakaitihia ana te wā ki roto i te wā poto, ā, e tuku ana i ngā mōhiohio ki te tere.
Te reo a te kaituhi
Ko te reo a te kaituhi te āhua motuhake o te tangata me te oro e kawe ana ki tana tuhituhinga—te huarahi e puta ai tōna reo ki te whārangi.
Te reo o te tangata waihanga
Ko te reo o te tangata waihanga te huarahi motuhake e whakaaro ana, e kōrero ana te tangata waihanga—ko ō rātou kōwhiringa kupu, te ritenga o ngā rerenga kōrero, te oro, me te tirohanga. Mā tēnei e waihanga ai te tangata waihanga ki te tangata motuhake, ā, ka hangaia te wheako o te pānui ki te pūrongo.
Te tere o te kōrero
Ko te tere o te kōrero te tere me te riterite e tupu ana te pakiwaitara — te mea e tere ana ngā wāhanga, ngā kare, me ngā whanaketanga o te mahere ki tētahi wā ki tētahi.
Te tirohanga mārō (dramatic) – POV
Ko te tirohanga mārō (dramatic) – POV he momo kōrero ā-te—e kī ana ki ngā mea e kitea ana e te karu—e rongo ana hoki—ngā mahi, ngā kōrero, me ngā taipitopito e kitea ana—kāore he uru ki ngā whakaaro o roto o ngā tangata. Ka mārō te pānui ki tētahi wāhanga i te romā, ka waiho te whakamāramatanga ki te pānui.
Tirohanga hurihuri
Ko te tirohanga hurihuri te tikanga kōrero e huri haere ana te pūrongo i waenga i ngā tangata maha, i te nuinga o te wā mā te wāhanga, te wahanga rānei. Mā tēnei e āhei ai te panui ki te wheako i taua pakiwaitara i ngā hinengaro me ngā koki kare-a-roto o ngā tangata.
Tirohanga hurihuri (POV)
Ko te tirohanga hurihuri tētahi tikanga kōrero e huri ana i te tirohanga o te kōrero ki waenga i ngā tangata rereke puta noa i ngā wāhanga. Mā tēnei e āhei ai te pānui ki te wheako i te kōrero mā ngā hinengaro maha, ā, me te pupuri i tētahi tirohanga mārama mō ia wāhanga.
Tirohanga hōhonu
Ko te tirohanga hōhonu (Deep POV) he tikanga kōrero e whakakore ana i te tawhiti kitea i waenganui i te kaipānui me tētahi tangata, ā, ka āhei te kaipānui ki te wheako i ngā kaupapa, ngā rongo, me ngā whakaaro pēnei i roto i te upoko o te tangata. Ka whakamahia hei waihanga i te mārama kare-ā-roto kaha me te tere o te wheako.
Tirohanga rua
Ko te tirohanga rua he tikanga kōrero e huri haere ana i waenga i ngā tirohanga o ngā tangata e rua — te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā rangatira aroha e rua — kia wheako ngā kai pānui i ngā whakaaro me ngā kare-a-roto o ō rāua.
Tirohanga tangata tuatahi
Ko te tirohanga tangata tuatahi he aronga kōrero e kōrerohia ana nā te tangata e whakamahi ana i te kupu 'au', ā, e whakaatu ana ngā mea me ngā kare ā-roto mai i tōna wheako ake. Mā tēnei e waihangatia ai te here pākiki, tūturu i waenga i te kaapiri me te tangata matua o te pūrongo.
Tirohanga tangata-tuarua
Ko te tirohanga tangata-tuarua e kī ana ki te kaipānui ki te 'koe', ā, ka whakaurua koe ki roto i ngā tarutaru o te tangata matua. He mea whakamahia whānuitia i roto i ngā kōrero whakahoahoā me ngā mea aroha hei waihanga i te tere o te wheako me te whai wāhitanga whaiaro.
Tohutanga o te reo
Ko te tohutanga o te reo te pupuri i te huarahi motuhake o te tangata kōrero, ā, o te kaituhi hoki ki roto i te pakiwaitara kia noho mārama te pānui ki roto i te kotahi hinengaro. I roto i te aroha taunekeneke, ko te mea anō hoki ko te pupuri i taua reo puta noa i ngā kōwhiringa me ngā wāhanga.
Tuatoru tata
Ko te Close third he tirohanga kōrero e whai ana ki tētahi tangata kotahi ki te piri ki a ia, e whakaatu ana i te kōrero mā ō rātou whakaaro, ō rātou kare-ā-roto, me ngā tohu o te mōhio i a rātou, ā, e whakamahia tonu ana te reo tuatoru: ia, rātou.
Whakaahua
Ko te whakaahua ko te whakamahi i te reo e pa ana ki ngā wheako o te tinana—tirohanga, oro, pa, kakara, me te kai—hei waihanga i ngā wā me ngā kare ā-roto.
Whakaaro ā-roto
Ko te whakaaro ā-roto he reo o roto o tētahi tangata — ngā whakaaro me ngā kare e kore e kīa ki te waha. Mā tēnei e whakarongo ai ngā kai pānui ki ngā urupare motuhake, ngā whakawa, me ngā mōrearea o te tangata i te wā tūturu.
Whakaatu vs. Kōrero
Ko te Whakaatu vs. Kōrero he aratohu tuhituhi taketake: te 'whakaatu' e whakamahi ana i ngā taipitopito wheako, te mahi, me te kōrero kia wheako te pānui i tētahi wāhanga; te 'kōrero' e kī ana i ngā mōhiohio, ngā kare-a-roto mārama ki te tangata. E rua ētahi taputapu — ka whakapakari te whakaatu i te toro ki te wāhitanga, ā, ko te kōrero e whakakotahi ana i ngā mōhiohio.
Whakaatu whakamua (prolepsis)
Ko te whakaatu whakamua (prolepsis) he piki pakiwaitara e whakaatu ana i ngā mea ka tupu i muri i te wā o te pakiwaitara. Ka whakatipatia he tirohanga ki te mea kei mua hei waihanga i te here, hei whakarite i ngā taumata, me te whakapīngi i ngā tūmanako o te pānui.
Whakahaere whakamārama
Ko te whakahaere whakamārama te huarahi e tukuna atu ai ngā mōhiohio nui ki te pānui—te kōrero o mua, ngā ture o te ao, me ngā whakaaweawe o ngā tangata—ki te pānui, kāore e pakaru te urunga ki te taiao.
Whakaurunga a te kaituhi
Ko te whakaurunga a te kaituhi ko te wā e puta ai te kaituhi, te kai kōrero rānei, i waho o te pūrākau ki te kōrero, ki te arotake, ki te toro ki te pānui, ā, ki te waihanga i tētahi reo kaituhi e kitea ana i roto i te pūrākau. Ka taea te mea he tohu, he mōhiti mōhio, he ringa arataki e whakarite ana i te tangi me ngā tūmanako o te pānui.
Whakaurunga hītori o mua
Ko te whakaurunga hītori o mua te mahi toi ki te here i te hītori o tētahi tangata ki roto i te kōrero o nāianei kia mārama ai te tangata ki a rātou mā te mahi, ngā taipitopito, me te kōwhiringa, kāore i te maha rawa o ngā whakamārama nui.
Wā kōrero
Ko te wā kōrero te wā e whakamahia ana e tētahi pūrākau ki te whakamārama i ngā kaupapa (i te nuinga o te wā, i mua rānei). E whakarārangahia tēnei ki te āhua o te wā ki te pānui, ki te mahara, ki te mārama, ki te wheako o te pānui.
Āhua
Ko te āhua te waiwā me te wairua o te pakiwaitara — te huarahi ka whakamahia te reo, te tere o te rerenga kōrero, me ngā taipitopito hei whakakakahu i tētahi wāhanga kia mīharo, kia wairua, kia hōhonutia.
Āhua
Ko te āhua te taiao ā-wairua o tētahi wāhanga, o te kōrero e waihangia ana mō te pānui — ko te mea e rongo ai te tangata i te wā e pānui ana.
Ātea kōrero
Ko te ātea kōrero te mokowā hinengaro me te wairua i waenganui i te kaituhi (rānei te tirohanga) me ngā tangata rānei, ngā kaupapa rānei o tētahi pūrākau. Mā tēnei e tohu ai te tata o ngā kaipānui ki te ao o tētahi tangata me te nui o te whakamārama e tuku ana e te kaituhi.