Ngā Nekehanga o te Hītori, te Kanona, me te Horopaki Ahurea
Ko te Ngā Nekehanga o te Hītori, te Kanona, me te Horopaki Ahurea e tirohia ana ngā kaha o te tuhituhinga, o te pāpori, me te hītori e waihanga ana i ngā tauira aroha, ngā kaupapa, me ngā ritenga.
Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga ngā kupu e pā ana ki ngā wā o te wā (period settings), ki ngā kaituhi me ngā mahi whai mana, ki te hanga kanona, ki ngā rerekētanga ahurea, me ngā nekehanga e whakamārama ana ki te tuhituhia me te panui i ngā kōrero aroha.
.png)
Aroha Rangatira
Ko te aroha rangatira he tikanga me te pūrākau o te wā o te rautau o te Hauā, e whakanuia ana i te wawata aroha—he ngaro, he ritenga—i waenga i tētahi toa me tētahi wahine rangatira. I whakatinanahia e taua tikanga ngā here kare-ā-roto me ngā tropes e noho mō tēnei rā i roto i ngā pūkārohaehae romance.
Aroha i rārangitia
Ko te aroha i rārangitia he kōrero aroha e whakaputaina i roto i ngā wāhanga—ngā wāhanga, ngā kōrero poto e whakaputaina i te wā—i whakaputaina ki te whakapiki i te ngākau whakamīharo, ki te whakawhanake haere i ngā tangata, ā, ki te aki i ngā pānui ki te hoki mai mō te tukunga hou. Ka urutia ki ngā tikanga pāpāho tāniko (pukapuka, papakā) me ngā momo matihiko hou (web serials, apps, kōrero episodic).
Aroha i te wa pakanga
Ko te aroha i te wa pakanga he kōrero aroha e tūhia ana i te wā o te pakanga, ā, i reira ko te pakanga — me ona mōrearea, te wehewehe, me te hurihuri o te hapori — e whakaawe i ngā whanaungatanga me ngā kōwhiringa. E arotahi ana ki te tere o te waiaro, ki te matatinitanga o te herekoretanga, me te taumaha o te aroha i raro i te pēhanga.
Aroha i waenga i ngā iwi
Ko te aroha i waenga i ngā iwi e whakamārama ana i ngā whanaungatanga aroha me ngā kōrero e whakakotahi ana i ngā tāngata nō ngā iwi rerekē. Ka arotahi ēnei kōrero ki te aroha i raro i ngā here ahurea, me te pānga ki te whānau, ki te hītori, ki te reo, ki te tuakiri, me ētahi wā ki te tūkino rānei, ki ngā aukati ā-pāpori.
Aroha ki te Kāinga o te Pakanga
Ko te Aroha ki te Kāinga o te Pakanga he kōrero aroha e noho ki waho i te papa pakanga, e arotahi ana ki te hunga taiao me te hunga tautoko i ngā mahi pakanga. E aro ana ki te wehewehe, ki te manawanui o te hapori, me ngā pānga wairua o te noho i roto i te hurihanga.
Aroha kāwai
Aroha kāwai (e kiia hoki 'tuhinga raupapa' rānei 'aroha line') he kōrero aroha poto, e whakaputaina i roto i ngā raina paerewa o ia marama e tētahi imprint kotahi. E whai ana ki ngā ture whakatika mārama me ngā tropes e puta ana, kia mōhio ai ngā kaipānui ki te wheako kare-ā-roto o ia pukapuka i mua i te whakatuwhera.
Aroha mō te Mana Wāhine
Ko te aroha mō te mana wāhine he momo pūkōrero aroha e aro ana ki te mana whakahaere o ngā tangata, ki te ōritetanga, me te whakaae — e hono ana te whanaungatanga kare-a-roto ki te whakaute i te rangatiratanga o ia tangata me te aroturanga pāpori.
Aroha o te Wā Georgian
Ko Georgian Romance tētahi momo kōrero aroha o mua e tūhia ana ki te wā Georgian (tata ki te 1714–1830), e whakaatu ana i ngā tikanga, te wawata pāpori, me te taiao o taua wā. E aro ana ki ngā kākahu, ngā whare, me ngā tikanga pāpori o Ingarangi i te rautau 18, engari i ētahi wā ka whai wāhi ētahi kare-ā-roto hou me ngā tauira aroha o te ao o nāianei.
Aroha o te Wā Victorian
Ko te Aroha o te Wā Victorian e tohu ana ki ngā kōrero aroha e tū i roto i ngā ture pāpori, ngā tikanga, me ngā taumahatanga mō te wā Victorian (tata ki te 1837–1901). Ka whakauru te momo i te whakapā (courtship) me te pakanga o te kāwanatanga ki runga i ētahi kaupapa pērā i te kaupapa mō te mōtu, te melodrama, ā, i ētahi wā he Gothic rānei, me te nuinga o ngā whakakāwanga mō ētahi kare-a-roto.
Aroha postkolonial
Ko te aroha postkolonial tētahi āhua o te pūrākau aroha e arotahi ana ki ngā hononga i hangaia e ngā kōrero o te kolonialism—ngā mana e rere ana, te whakawhānaunga ahurea, te neke haere, me te mahara ā-motu. E tūwhera ana ki ngā reo me ngā wheako o ngā hapori i mua i te rangatiratanga, ā, e mārama ana ki te pēhea e pā ana te hītori ki te aroha me te noho tahi.
Aroha takatāpui
Ko te aroha takatāpui he pūrākau aroha e arotahi ana ki ngā tangata LGBTQ+ me ngā whanaungatanga, e torotoro ana i te aroha, te hiahia, me te ora o te hinengaro i waho i ngā anga cis-heteronormative.
Aronga Here
Ko te aronga here he hurorangi kōrero e arotahi ana ki te tauwhānga aroha, ki te whakawhitiwhiti ā-hapori, me te here hei tino whāinga me te whakamutunga o tētahi pūrongo. He mea mārama tēnei i ngā pūrongo o te rau tau 18 me te 19, engari e haere tonu ki te whakarerekētanga me te whakakakā i roto i te aroha hou o nāianei.
Censorship
Censorship is the suppression or restriction of words, scenes, or ideas considered unacceptable by authorities, publishers, or platforms. In romance fiction it has historically shaped which relationships, sexual content, and identities appear in print and on screen.
Class in Romance
Class in Romance describes how characters’ social and economic status shapes attraction, conflict, and the stakes of a love story. It’s a common device— from aristocrats and governesses to billionaires and baristas—used to create tension, growth, and cultural commentary.
Comstock Laws
The Comstock Laws were late-19th-century U.S. statutes and enforcement practices that criminalized the mailing and distribution of materials deemed "obscene," including information about contraception and abortion. They shaped what could be published, sold, and discussed about sex and reproduction for decades.
Courtship Rituals
Courtship rituals are the socially sanctioned customs and behaviors people use to express romantic interest and evaluate potential partners. They range from formal, family-mediated practices to informal modern dating habits and vary widely across time and culture.
Diasporic Romance
Diasporic romance describes love stories centered on characters who are part of a diaspora — people living away from their ancestral homeland — and how migration, cultural memory, and cross-generational identity shape their relationships. These romances blend themes of belonging, cultural negotiation, and longing with classic romantic arcs.
Epistolary Romance
Ko te epistolary romance he kōrero aroha e kōrerohia ana i te nuinga mā ngā reta, ngā tuhinga diary, ngā īmēra, ngā karere, me ētahi atu tuhinga ā-tuhituhi; e tohu ana i te reo motuhake me te kitenga ake i te mea piri ake i roto i te kōrero o te tangata tuarua. Mā tēnei momo e waihanga ana i te noho tata, te pakari o te mōhio, me ngā tirohanga maha mā te tuku ki te kāpā i te whanaungatanga mai i ngā kupu i tuhia.
Exoticism
Ko te Exoticism te miharo toi ki ngā tāngata, ngā wāhi, me ngā tikanga ahurea e whakaaturia ana hei mea rereke, e mōhio ana ki te mea kē.
Gender Tropes
Gender tropes are recurring character roles, behaviors, and expectations tied to gender that appear across stories—especially in romance—and shape how readers perceive characters and relationships. They can be used for comfort, shorthand, or intentionally subverted to create fresh, nuanced narratives.
Hanganga o te Kānona
Ko te hanganga o te kānona te tukanga e mōhiotia ai ngā mahi, tohu tangata, rānei i roto i tētahi momo e noho ana ki te pokapū, hei tohu mō te momo. Koinei te huarahi e noho ai ngā kōrero ki te mea rangatira e whakamaheretia ana i te whakamārama i tētahi momo.
Harlequin Romance
Ko Harlequin Romance te tohu mō ngā rārangi romance kāwai i whakaputahia e Harlequin, e mōhiotia ana mō ngā pukapuka papakā poto e whakaawea ana i ētahi tropes romance hou. E aro ana ēnei pukapuka ki te pūrongo poto, ki te here o te aroha kaha, me te mutunga harikoa e mārama ana.
Hītori o te Manaaki
Ko te hītori o te manaaki te ako ki te pēhea i whakautu ngā pānui, ngā kairōpū, me ngā ahurea ki tētahi tuhinga i te roa o te wā, e arotake ana i ngā whakamāramatanga e rerekē ana, te rongonui, me te pānga. E whakaatu ana ki te hurihuri o ngā tikanga i te mea ka tae mai ngā pānui hou, ngā pāpāho, me ngā uara pāpori ki te whakarereke i te wāhi o tētahi kōrero ki roto i te korerotanga ahurea.
Intersectionality
Intersectionality is a way of understanding how a person’s multiple identities—such as race, gender, class, sexuality, ability, and more—overlap and shape their experiences. In romance fiction it helps writers and readers see how relationships and obstacles are affected by these combined identities.
Kōrero Whakakore Herehere Tangata
Ko ngā kōrero whakakore herehere tangata he pūkākā o te rautau 18 me te 19 i tuhia ki te whakaatu i ngā mea tūturu o te herehere tangata me te akiaki i ngā kaipānui ki te tautoko i te whakakore.
Kōrero mō te aroha
Ko te kōrero mō te aroha he pūrākau e arotahi ana ki ngā ritenga me ngā wāhanga o te aroha—me pēhea te tūtaki, te whai tangata ki a tētahi, me te whakarite i tētahi whanaungatanga i raro i ngā ture pāpori me ngā aukati. E kaha ana te arotahi ki te tukanga me te horopaki pāpori i te mea nui ki te kare-ā-roto.
Kōrero mō te pāmu
Ko te plantation fiction he momo kōrero e whakaatu ana i te noho ki runga i ngā pāmu—i te nuinga o te wā ki te Tonga o Amerika i mua i te Pakanga Nui—, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakanuia ana te rangatiratanga o ngā rangatira pāmu me te pūnaha hapori e hāngai ana ki te mahi herehere. Kei roto hoki i tēnei ngā urupare o te rautau tekau ma iwa ki ngā tuhinga mō te aukati i te herehere me ngā mahi i muri mai e whakahoahoha ana i tētahi myth o te 'Old South'.
Masculinity Studies
Masculinity Studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines how ideas about 'being a man' are created, performed, and changed across cultures and history. It explores the social, cultural, and literary forms of masculinities and how they intersect with race, class, sexuality, and power.
Melodrama
Ko te melodrama tētahi āhua kōrero e arotahi ana ki te piki ake o te kare-a-roto, ki ngā rereketanga mōrearea o te pai ki te kino, me ngā kaupapa mīharo e whakapiki ana i te pānga o te pūrākau.
Mills & Boon
Mills & Boon he kaiwhakaputa nō Ingarangi, e mōhiotia ana mō te whakaputa pukapuka romānta mō te mākete nui—ngā kōrero aroha poto, e whai ana i ngā tikanga mōhiohia, ā, e tuku ana i ngā patere kare-ā-roto e whai i te mōhio. Ko ōna pukapuka i tautuhia te hōputu romānta mōkaitahi o te ao me ngā tumanako a ngā kaipānui puta noa i te ao.
Orientalism
Ko te Orientalism he kupu whakaraara nui mō te āhua i whakamahia ai te ahurea o te Hauāuru ki ngā tāngata me ngā wā o Āhia, te Tai Tokerau o Āhia, me te Raki o Aferika ki te mea rereke, ki te mea tino ‘ētahi atu’. E tohu ana ki ngā mōtei me ngā taonga kaha e whakarite ana i ngā pūrākau, ngā whakaahua, me te rangahau.
Pakiwaitara ā-kāinga
Ko te pakiwaitara ā-kāinga he momo pakiwaitara e arotahi ana ki te ora o te kāinga, ki ngā whanaungatanga o te whānau, me ngā tautohetohe kare-a-roto o ia rā—i te nuinga, e arotahi ana ki ngā wheako o ngā wāhine i roto i te kāinga. Ka rere mai i te pakiwaitara ā-kāinga māmā ki ngā momo 'domestic noir' pango ake.
Penny Dreadfuls
Ko Penny Dreadfuls he pūrongo waihanga utu iti, e hokona ana i Ingarangi o te rautau 19, e kīia ana i te hara, te mōrearea, te here, me te melodrama. I mahi kia whakamīharo, kia utu iti te whakangahau, ā, i āwhina ki te hanga i ngā tikanga kōrero rongonui o te ao hurihuri.
Pukapuka aroha roa
Ko te pukapuka aroha roa he momo tuhituhi o te rau 18 ki te 19 e aro ana ki te kare-ā-roto, te manaaki, me te wairua mārama—kia whakamau i ngā kai pānui ki te tangi me te whakaaro mō te tikanga. I waihanga tēnei mō te aro o te romā o nāianei ki te kare o roto, ki te ūmanga me ngā wāhanga pārekareka e pā ana ki te tangi.
Pulp Romance
Ko te pulp romance e tohu ana ki ngā kōrero aroha tere, melodramatic e rongonui ana i roto i ngā niupepa utu iti me ngā pukapuka pepa i te tīmatanga ki te waenganui o te rautau-20.
Regionalism
Regionalism is a literary approach that foregrounds the specific customs, landscapes, speech, and social life of a particular place. In romance fiction it gives stories local color, shapes characters' values, and creates conflicts rooted in real community life.
Romantic Comedy
Ko te rom-com (romantic comedy) he pūrākau e whakauru ana i ngā whanaungatanga aroha me te hāhā māmā, e arotahi ana ki ngā aukati ātaahua, ngā koretetanga, me tētahi otinga tumanako. E kaha ana ki te whakaatu i ngā taunekeneke mātātoa me te wera o te wairua ake i runga i te mōrearea.
Romantikanga
Ko te Romantikanga tētahi nekeneke ahurea i te mutunga o te rau tau 18 ki te waenganui o te rau tau 19, e whakanui ana i te ngākau, te whakaaro, me te wheako takitahi ake i runga i te māramatanga.
Romā Gothic
Ko Gothic Romance tētahi momo tuhituhi e whakakotahi ana ngā taiao pouri, te mōrearea o ngā pūrākau aroha, ā, e arotahi ana ki te wairua, ngaro, me te here i waenga i te mataku me te hiahia.
Romā Kāwanatanga
Ko te romance kāwanatanga e tohu ana i ngā kōrero aroha i tū ki roto i ngā wā o te kāwanatanga me ngā horopaki imperial, ā, e tupu ana ngā whanaungatanga ki runga i ngā mea hapori, ahurea, me te mana o te rangatiratanga.
Romā Rangatira
Ko te romā rangatira he momo tuhituhi o te wā waenga e arotahi ana ki ngā rōia, ngā haerenga, me te aroha whakahirahira e whakanui ana i te mana, te maia, me ngā tikanga o te ao rangatira.
Romā Regensi
Ko te romā Regensi he wāhanga o te romā hitori e whakatakotohia ana ki Ingarani i te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau mā rua, ā, e whakaawehia ana e tōna ao pāpori. E mōhiotia ana mō te kōrero mākū, ngā pōwhiri, ngā tikanga pā o te ao pāpori, me ngā pūrongo mō te mārena. Ka whakakotahi te manaakitanga me te mana o te kāwanatanga, me te aroha roa—ka rere ki ngā tikanga a Austen me Heyer.
Romā Toi mō te Aroha
Ko te romā toi he momo pakiwaitara aroha e arotahi ana ki te hohonutanga o ngā tangata, ki te kare-ā-roto, me te reo tuhituhi ātaahua, kāore i te arotahi ki ngā pūtake o te pakiwaitara tere rānei, ētahi tohu kē noa. Ka torotoro te romā toi i te oranga o roto, te matatini o ngā tikanga, me ngā here pāpori e whakahāngai ana i ngā hononga.
Romā hītori
Ko te romā hītori he romā i tū ki tētahi wā o mua, ā, ko te kōrero aroha matua e ārahina ana e ngā ture pāpori, ngā kākahu, me ngā kaupapa o taua wā. Ka whakakotahi ngā here kare-a-roto me ngā taipitopito o te wā ki te waihanga i te mōhiotanga, te here, me te rangi motuhake ki tōna taiao.
Romā ā-motu
Ko te romā ā-motu he āhua literā e here ana ngā kōrero aroha, ngā pūrākau hītori, me ngā kōrero tuku iho ki te tuakiri o te motu me ngā mōhiotanga ahurea.
Romānga Rongonui
Ko te Romānga Rongonui e tohu ana ki ngā pūrākau aroha kua pānuitia whānuitia, kua angitu ā-pūtea, e aro ana ki ngā whanaungatanga kare-a-roto, ngā taupō mārama, me ngā mutunga pārekareka. Kei roto ētahi āhape māmā—mai i te hītori ki te wā o nāianei, tae atu ki te paranormal me te aroha whakamāramarama—i hangaia mō te hāngai ki te hāpori whānui.
Sensation Novel
Ko te sensation novel he momo pukapuka rongonui i te waenga o te Victorian, i whakakotahi ai te titiro ki te kāinga me ngā hurihanga mōrearea, melodrama—ngā tangata huna, hara, me ngā take whakamīharo—kia puta ai ngā kare ā-roto.
Transnational Romance
Transnational romance describes romantic stories that cross national, cultural, or linguistic borders, often shaped by migration, diaspora, and long-distance ties. These narratives explore how love adapts to different legal systems, family expectations, languages, and histories.
Wahine Hou
Ko te Wahine Hou he tohu ahurea me te momo kaituhi o te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te timatanga o te rautau 20 i Eurōpā me Amerika ki te Raki, i whakatūhia e te wero i ngā tūranga ira tangata tuku iho mā te rapu mātauranga, mahi, mana tōrangapū, me te rangimākena whaiaro. I roto i ngā pūkōrero, ka puta ia hei wahine motuhake, ā, i te nuinga o te wā he mea rangirua, e whakarerekētanga ana i ngā tūmanako mō te aroha, te here, me te oranga pāpori.
Āroha Edwardiana
Ko te āroha Edwardiana e tohu ana ki ngā kōrero aroha i waihangia ki te wā Edwardiana (tata ki te 1901–1914), i te wā i tutaki ai te hapori pai ki ngā whakaaro hou. Ka whakakotahi ēnei pūrongo i ngā tikanga ātaahua me ngā kākahu ki ngā ritenga pāpori e huri haere ana, ā, ka waihanga tēnei i te taumaha i waenga i te tikanga tuku iho me te panoni.