Umbono Wendaba, Izwi Nezitayela
Leli sigaba sihlola umbono wendaba, izwi lendaba, nezinketho zesitayela ezakha indlela indaba yothando ichazwe ngayo.
Uzothola izihloko eziphathelene no-POV (umuntu wokuqala, isithathu esiseduze, umuntu wesibili), ukuthembeka kwombhali, ithoni, ukukhethwa kwamagama, ibanga lenovela, kanye nezinqubo ezifana ne-free indirect discourse noma i-epistolary framing. Lezi zisho zichaza amathuluzi ababhali asebenzisa ukwakha ubudlelwane obuseduzane, ukuxineka, kanye nokuhleleka kwemizwa ezindabeni zothando ezenziwe ngezinketho.
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Bonisa vs. Ukusho
Bonisa vs. Ukusho kuyisiyalezo esiyisisekelo sokubhala: 'ukubonisa' kusetshenziswa imininingwane ezwayo, izenzo, nengxoxo ukuze abafundi bazwe isigcawu, kanti 'ukusho' kusho iqiniso noma imizwa ngqo. Kokubili kuyizinsiza—ukubonisa kukhuthaza ukungena endaweni, kuthi ukusho kunciphisa ulwazi.
Deep POV
Deep POV (deep point of view) iyindlela yokubhala evumela umfundi ukuba abe ngokuqondile kwezomzwelo nomlingiswa, isusa ibanga elibonakalayo phakathi komfundi nomlingiswa, futhi ivumela umfundi ukuba azwe izigigaba, izinzwa, nezicabango njengasekhanda lomlingiswa. Isetshenziselwa ukudala ukungena okujulile kwezomzwelo nokushesha kokubonakala.
Free indirect discourse
Ukuxoxwa okungaqondile mahhala kuyindlela yokuxoxa ehlanganisa imicabango nezwi lomlingiswa nezwi lombhali, kuvumela abafundi ukuzwa imizwa yangaphakathi ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokucaphuna noma amathegi acacile. Lokhu kudala umbono oseduze kakhulu wokungena ngaphakathi enhliziyweni yomlingiswa, ngenkathi kugcinwa inkulumo yesithathu.
I-Flashforward (prolepsis)
I-Flashforward (prolepsis) iyisinyathelo senoveli esibonisa izigameko ezizokwenzeka kamuva endabeni. Inikeza umfundi ukubuka kwesikhathi esizayo ukuze kudaleke ukungabaza, ukusetha amazinga, noma ukwakha okulindelwe abafundi.
I-POV eziningi
I-POV eziningi (umbono) iyindlela yokuxoxa indaba ebonisa indaba ngokubuka kwabalingiswa abaningi. Ihlukisa ubani ‘ongaphakathi’ embikweni ukuze abafundi bazwe izigameko, imizwa, nezimpi kusuka emiqondweni ehlukene.
Ibanga leNdaba
Ibanga leNdaba liyisikhala semizwa nengqondo phakathi kombhali (noma iphuzu lombono) nabalingiswa noma izigameko zendaba. Lichaza ukuthi abafundi bazizwa kanjani eduze nempilo yangaphakathi yomlingisi futhi ukuthi umbhali unikeza ukuchazwa okuningi.
Ifomethi ye-epistolary
Ifomethi ye-epistolary iyindaba ekhulunyiswe ngamadokhumenti — izincwadi, amanothi wedayari, ama-imeyili, imilayezo, noma amanye amarekhodi abhalwe phansi — esikhundleni somlomo oqhubekayo wesithathu noma wokuqala. Ivula ukuxhumana okuqondile futhi ivumela abafundi ukuthi bahlanganise indaba kusuka ezintweni zobuntu siqu.
Imininingwane yezinzwa
Iminingwane yezinzwa iwukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziqinile ezibukwayo, umsindo, iphunga, ukunambitheka, nezinto zokuthinta ukuze isigcawu siphile futhi imizwa ibonakale ngokushesha. Kusiza abafundi ukuba babe yingxenye yomzuzwana kunokuba bafunde ngawo kuphela.
Indaba enefreyimu
Indaba enefreyimu (noma indaba efakwe efreyimweni) iyindlela lapho indaba eyodwa ichazwa ngaphakathi koyindaba enkulu, lapho umumo wangaphandle 'frame' usetha noma uphawula ngendaba yangaphakathi. Lokhu kudala ibanga, umongo, noma umbono oqondile weziganeko ezizolandela.
Ingxoxo Yangaphakathi
Ingxoxo yangaphakathi iyizwi langaphakathi lomlingiswa — imicabango nemizwa abayisho noma abangayiisho. Ivumela abafundi ukuzwa ukuphenduka komlingiswa, ukuxhumana, kanye nokwesaba kwabo ngesikhathi sangempela.
Isendlalelo esingaphansi
Isendlalelo esingakhulunywayo ngqo yimbono ongakhombiswanga ngamazwi nezenzo zomlingiswa—iqiniso lemizwa elibhapathizayo elingakhombiswanga ngqo kodwa libonakala esigcawini. Ekuthandweni, kuyindlela yokubonisa ukuthi ukukhanga, ukwesaba, noma isifiso kukhona ngokushiywe okungakhulunywayo.
Isigcawu kanye ne-Isifinyezo
Isigcawu sikhombisa umzuzu wesikhathi sangempela ngemininingwane yezinzwa nezenzo; isifinyezo sifingqa isikhathi futhi sithumela ulwazi ngokushesha. Ababhali basebenzisa izigcawu ukuze abafundi bazizwe sengathi bayingxenye yendaba, kanti izifinyezo zisetshenziswa ukuze indaba ihambe phambili.
Isikhathi sokulandisa
Isikhathi sokulandisa siyisikhawu sesikhathi esisetshenziswa indaba ukuchaza izigameko (okuvamile edlule noma okwamanje). Sibonisa ukuthi isigcawu sizwakala kanjani kumfundi—ngokushesha, ngokuzindla, noma ngokushesha okukhulu.
Isimo
Isimo siyindlela yomoya noma umuzwa wendaba—indlela ulimi, ijubane lamisho, kanye nemininingwane eyenza isigcawu sizizwe sidlalayo, sithambile, sithandekayo, noma sobuhlungu enhliziyweni.
Isisetshenziswa sokuhlela indaba
Isisetshenziswa sokuhlela indaba siyisakhiwo senoveli esizungeze indaba—'indaba ngaphakathi kwendaba' noma ifomethi ekhethiwe (izincwadi, idiyari, ingxoxo, njll.) esimisela ithoni, umbono, nomongo. Sisho indlela abafundi ababona ngayo izigigaba futhi baphawula izenzakalo.
Isithathu eseduze
Isithathu eseduze iyindlela yokuxoxa indaba elandela umlingisi oyedwa eduze, ikhombisa indaba ngemicabango yakhe, imizwa, nezimpawu azizwayo ngenkathi isasebenzisa isakhiwo sesithathu. Ihlanganisa ukuxhumana okujulile kwe-first-person internal access kanye nobude bokubhala kwezisho zesi 'yena/ona/bona'.
Isivinini sokuxoxa indaba
Isivinini sokuxoxa indaba siyijubane nomdanso indaba ikhula ngawo — ukuthi izigcawu, imizwa, kanye nentuthuko yezindaba zidlula ukusuka kumzuzwana oyedwa kuya komunye. Ezindabeni zobudlelwano, isivinini silawula ukwakheka kokudonsa, ukungezwani, kanye nomphumela.
Izibono ezimbili
Izibono ezimbili kuyindlela yokuxoxa indaba egxile ezibukweni zabalingiswa ababili—ngokuvamile laba abathandana—ukuthi abafundi bazwe imicabango nezizathu zangaphakathi zababili. Ivame ukuvela njengamahluko alandelanayo noma izingxenye ezibhalwe ngomlingiswa.
Izinga lolimi
Izinga lolimi liyizinga lokusetshenziswa kolimi elisetshenziswa umlingisi noma umlobi—kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwezisho zendawo kuya ekubhalweni kwemisho emide noma emfushane nezithombe. Lenza umuzwa wesigcawu ukwakheka futhi lisheshisa ukuthi umlingisi uzwakale kanjani ethembekile.
Izinyathelo zesigcawu
Izinyathelo zesigcawu ziyizinqubo ezincane, izimpendulo, nezinguquko zokuzizwa ezenza isigcawu esisodwa siqhubekele phambili. Zihlukanisa isigcawu sibe izigaba ezifundeka kalula, zilawula ijubane, futhi ziveza ubuntu ngokuziphatha kunokuchazwa.
Izithombe
Izithombe kuwukusetshenziswa kolimi olubonakalayo noluzwayo—okubonakalayo, okuzwa, okuthintwayo, iphunga, kanye nokunambitheka—ukudala izigcawu nezimizwa eziphilayo. Ezincwadini zothando, izithombe zisiza abafundi bazizwe izindawo nezikhathi kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabalingiswa kunokutshelwa nje.
Izwi le-metafikishini
Izwi le-metafikishini liyithoni yokuxoxa indaba lapho umxoxi noma umlingiswa evuma ngokusobala ukuthi indaba iyindaba — kwesinye isikhathi ukhuluma nomfundi, ubiza izifanekiso, noma uphawula ngendlela indaba esebenza ngayo. Liyaziqaphela, liyadlala, futhi lingakhombisa ukuxhumana nezimiso zezindaba zobudlelwano.
Izwi lombhali
Izwi lombhali liyingqayizivele yobuntu netoni umbhali uletha ekubhalweni kwakhe—indlela aluzwakala ngayo ekhasini. Lenza umuzwa, ijubane, ukukhetha amagama, kanye nokuthi abafundi bazizwa kanjani ngabalingiswa neziganeko.
Izwi lomlingiswa
Izwi lomlingiswa liyindlela eyingqayizivele yokucabanga nokukhuluma komlingiswa — ukukhetha kwakhe amagama, ijubane lezisho, ithoni, nombono wakhe. Lokhu kwenza umlingiswa ngamunye azwakale njengomuntu ohlukile futhi kubumba indlela abafundi ababona ngayo indaba.
Microtension
i-Microtension iyinqwaba encane, eqhubekayo yokungaqiniseki noma imizwa engakhulunywangi esigcawini, futhi igcina abafundi begxile umzuzwana ngomzuzwana. Kuyindlela ethule ngaphansi kwengxoxo nezinyathelo eyenza ngisho nezikhathi ezijwayelekile zizwe zineqiniso.
Objective correlative
i-Objective correlative iyisethi ebonakalayo yezinto, izenzo, noma izimo umbhali azisebenzisa ukuze avuse umuzwa othile kubafundi ngaphandle kokuwubiza ngqo. Kuyindlela yokukhombisa kunokuba utshele ('show-not-tell') eyenza imizwa ibonakale ngempela futhi ibe yezwayo.
Ukugeleza kwemicabango
Ukugeleza kwemicabango kuyindlela yokulandisa ekopisha imicabango engahlungiwe yomlingiswa, izizwelo, nezimpawu zokuzwa njengazo zenzeka. Kuyabeka abafundi empilweni yangaphakathi yomlingiswa, ngokuvamile ngezimisho ezivulekile, ukweqa kwezindlela zokucabanga, nomuzwa osheshayo.
Ukugxila kwangaphandle
Ukugxila kwangaphandle kuyindlela yokubhala indaba echaza abalingiswa ngaphandle—ichaza izenzo, ukubukeka, nengxoxo ngaphandle kokufinyelela emicabangweni noma imizwa yabo yangasese. Kuqinisa umfundi ekubukeni ongathi uyabhekisa futhi kubacela ukuba bacabange impilo yangaphakathi ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwangaphandle.
Ukugxila ngaphakathi
Ukugxila ngaphakathi kuyindlela yokulandisa evimbela umbono wendaba ukuba ube ngaphakathi kwemicabango, imizwa, kanye nesipiliyoni sokuzwa somlingiswa oyedwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kudala ubudlelwane obuseduze ngokubonisa umhlaba ohlungene ngaphansi kwempilo yangaphakathi yalowo mlingisi.
Ukuhamba kwekhanda
Ukuhamba kwekhanda kuyisimo lapho indaba igxile phakathi kwezicabango noma imibono yangaphakathi yabalingiswa abahlukahlukene ngaphakathi esigcawini esifanayo noma kumugqa ofanayo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa okucacile.
Ukuhlanganiswa komlando wangemuva
Ukuhlanganiswa komlando wangemuva kuwubuciko bokuhlanganisa umlando womlingiswa ngaphakathi kwendaba yamanje ukuze abafundi bafunde ukuthi bayini ngokusebenza, ngemininingwane, nangokukhetha kunokunikeza ulwazi olukhulu. Ezindabeni zokuthandana ezisebenzisanayo, lokhu kuthinta izinga lemizwa nezinqumo zomdlali ngokuvula umlando ezikhathini ezibalulekile.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-POV
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-POV kuyindlela yokuxoxa indaba lapho umbiko ushintsha phakathi kwezimvo zabalingiswa ababili noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile ngokwezahluko noma isigcawu. Ivumela abafundi ukuba bazwe indaba efanayo ezimisweni nezindlela zokuzwela ezahlukene.
Ukukhetha Amagama
Ukukhethwa kwamagama nezindlela zokubhala—ukuthi ulimi luthini: ngokusemthethweni, ngokubukeka obukhulu, noma njengolimi lwesiko. Ezindabeni zobudlelwano, lokhu kusiza ukuchaza izwi lomlingiswa, umoya, kanye nokucaca kwezindawo.
Ukulandisa ngesesikhathi esedlule
Ukulandisa ngesesikhathi esedlule kuchaza izigameko njengokuba zenzeka ngaphambili, sisebenzisa izenzo ezifana no "was," "walked," no "said." Lokhu kudala umuzwa wokuzindla, ovamile ukukhumbula, olujwayelekile ezincwadini zobudlelwane.
Ukulandisa ngesikhathi samanje
Ukulandisa ngesikhathi samanje kusho ukuxoxa ibali usebenzisa izenzo zesikhathi samanje (isb. 'uyahamba,' 'ngizwa'), okuvusa ukushesha nomuzwa wokuthi okwenzekayo manje kuyenzeka ngempela. Kuyinketho ethandwa kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bokuthandana ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunakekelana kanye nokuzwela okusheshayo.
Ukungenelela kwombhali
Ukungenelela kwombhali kuyenzeka lapho umbhali noma umlingisi wokulandisa eya ngaphandle kwendaba ukuze enze ukuphawula, abahlulele, noma axhumane ngqo nomfundi, lapho kudalwa izwi lombhali elibonakalayo ngaphakathi kwendaba. Lokhu kungaba ukusekela, ukucasisa, noma isandla esiqondisayo esakha ithoni nokulindela kwabafundi.
Ukuphathwa kolwazi
Ukuphathwa kolwazi kuwukuthi indaba ithumele kanjani imininingwane ebalulekile—isizinda sangaphambili, imithetho yomhlaba, nezizathu zabalingiswa—kubafundi ngaphandle kokuphula ukungena emoyeni. Ukuphathwa okuhle kukhombisa iqiniso ngesenzo, ingxoxo, kanye nemininingwane yokuzwa kunokuba kube ukugcwala kolwazi olude.
Ukuvumelana kwezwi
Izwi elizinzile lokulandisa lisho ukugcinwa kwendlela eyingqayizivele yokukhuluma nokucabanga komlingiswa noma womlobi kuwo wonke umlandu ukuze abafundi bazizwe sengathi bakhona ngaphansi kweqoqo lokuya phambili kwengqondo eyodwa. E-Romance esebenzisanayo, kusho futhi ukugcina izwi lolo phakathi kwezinketho nezigcawu ezihlukene.
Umbhali ongaphandle kwendaba
Umbhali ongaphandle kwendaba uyimlingisi oxoxa indaba eceleni — owesibukeli, umngane, noma umdlali omncane obika izigameko ezihilela abalingiswa abakhulu ngaphandle kokuba umlingisi oyinhloko wendaba.
Umbhali wesithathu onolwazi lonke
Umbhali wesithathu onolwazi lonke uyiswi somlobi eswazi izimicabango, imizwa, nezizinda zabalingiswa abaningi futhi anga hamba kalula phakathi kwabo. Unikeza ukubuka konke kwezwe lezindaba kunokugxila engqondweni yomlingisi oyedwa.
Umbono Obuqondile (dramatic) POV
Umbono Obuqondile (dramatic) POV uhlobo lwesigcawu sokubhala olufana namehlo ekhamera: lugcina nje lokho okubonakalayo nokuzwayo—izenzo, izingxoxo, nemininingwane engabonakala—ngaphandle kokungena emicabangweni noma imizwa yangaphakathi yabalingiswa. Ufunda njengesigcawu esibekiwe, ukucabanga kwabafundi kushiywa ukuze kubonwe.
Umbono ozungezayo
Umbono ozungezayo kuyindlela yokuxoxa indaba lapho umbono wokulandisa ushintshwa phakathi kwabalingiswa abahlukahlukene phakathi kwezigcawu noma izahluko. Lokhu kuvumela umfundi ukuba angene ngaphakathi kwengqondo ezihlukene ngenkathi kugcinwa umbono ocacile, ogxile esigabeni ngasinye.
Umbono wokuqala weqembu (thina)
Ukusetshenziswa kwe- 'thina' njengombhali oqoqayo ukuze indaba ichazwe kusuka kumbono owabelene—iqembu, izithandani, noma umphakathi okhuluma njengomunye. Lokhu kukhiqiza ukuxhumana kanye nephimbo ofana nephingqo lokuzwana, okungaba indawo yokubambisana, kokubamba iqhaza, noma okufana nokungaqondakali.
Umbono womlobi wesithathu onomkhawulo
Umbono womlobi wesithathu onomkhawulo uyindlela yokubuka lapho umlobi ubhekisa kubalingiswa njengomuntu ozobizwa ngeyena noma bona kodwa ugxile kakhulu emicabangweni, imizweni, nasekubonweni komlingiswa oyedwa. Kuyahlanganisa ukucindezela kwemicabango nobungane bokuba nomlobi ongaphandle.
Umbono womuntu siqu (POV)
Umbono womuntu siqu (POV) kuwuhlobo lokuxoxa ibali oluxoxwa ngombono womuntu 'mina', lapho umlobi wabelana ngeziganeko nezinkathazo ngqo ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe. Lokhu kudala ukuxhumana okuqondile, okujulile phakathi komfundi nomlingiswa ophambili.
Umbono womuntu wesibili
Umbono womuntu wesibili ubhekisa umfundi njengokuthi 'wena,' ufaka lowo mfundi ngqo ezinqeni zomlingiswa oyinhloko. Kusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezindaba ezisebenzisanayo (interactive fiction) kanye nezindaba zothando ukuze kube nokushesha nokuzibophezela komfundi.
Umlandeli wendaba ongathembeki
Umlandeli wendaba ongathembeki uyindima yokuxoxa indaba lapho umfundi angaqiniseka ngokuphelele inkulumo yakhe—ngoba ukhuluma amanga, akhohlisa, noma afihle ukucabanga okuyivulekile, noma iqiniso elibalulekile. Ekuthandweni, le nkulumo idala ukungabaza, isimanga, nobunzima bezinzwa lapho iqiniso nombono behlangana.
Umoya
Umoya uyisimo semizwa esidalwa yisigcawu noma indaba esifundwayo—lokhu umfundi abakuzwayo ngenkathi efunda. Ebudlelwaneni bokuthandana, umoya ubumba imizwa efana nokushisa, ukulangazela, ukungezwani, noma ukujabula okungathi mnandi.
Umxoxi othembekile
Umxoxi othembekile uyindaba yokuxoxa indaba ongafundwa ngabafundi njengento eyiqiniso, ehambisanayo, futhi engenazo ukukhohlisa okuhleliwe. Abafundi bangamukela izimfanelo nezikhumbuzo zomxoxi njengembali eqondile ngaphandle uma olunye ulwazi luphikisa lokho.
i-flashback (analepsis)
i-flashback (analepsis) iyithuluzi lombhalo elibuyisa umfundi emuva esikhathini ukuze libonise izenzakalo zangaphambili noma inkumbulo. Ezincwadini zobudlelwane isisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa umlando wangaphambili, izigameko eziyisisekelo, noma izizathu ezifihliwe ezishintsha indlela esibona ngayo abalingiswa manje.